A Self-Supervised Descriptor for Image Copy Detection (SSCD)

This is the open-source codebase for "A Self-Supervised Descriptor for Image Copy Detection", recently accepted to CVPR 2022.

This work uses self-supervised contrastive learning with strong differential entropy regularization to create a fingerprint for image copy detection.

About this codebase

This implementation is built on Pytorch Lightning, with some components from Classy Vision.

Our original experiments were conducted in a proprietary codebase using data files (fonts and emoji) that are not licensed for redistribution. This version uses Noto fonts and Twemoji emoji, via the AugLy project. As a result, models trained in this codebase perform slightly differently than our pretrained models.

Pretrained models

We provide trained models from our original experiments to allow others to reproduce our evaluation results.

For convenience, we provide equivalent model files in a few formats:

• Files ending in .classy.pt are weight files using Classy Vision ResNe(X)t backbones, which is how these models were trained.
• Files ending in .torchvision.pt are weight files using Torchvision ResNet backbones. These files may be easier to integrate in Torchvision-based codebases. See model.py for how we integrate GeM pooling and L2 normalization into these models.
• Files ending in .torchscript.pt are standalone TorchScript models that can be used in any pytorch project without any SSCD code.

We provide the following models:

We recommend sscd_disc_mixup (ResNet50) as a default SSCD model, especially when comparing to other standard ResNet50 models, and sscd_disc_large (ResNeXt101) as a higher accuracy alternative using a bit more compute.

Classy Vision and Torchvision use different default cardinality settings for ResNeXt101. We do not provide a Torchvision version of the sscd_disc_large model for this reason.

Installation

If you only plan to use torchscript models for inference, no installation steps are necessary, and any environment with a recent version of pytorch installed can run our torchscript models.

For all other uses, see installation steps below.

The code is written for pytorch-lightning 1.5 (the latest version at time of writing), and may need changes for future Lightning versions.

Option 1: Install dependencies using Conda

Install and activate conda, then create a conda environment for SSCD as follows:

# Create conda environment
conda create --name sscd -c pytorch -c conda-forge \
  pytorch torchvision cudatoolkit=11.3 \
  "pytorch-lightning>=1.5,<1.6" lightning-bolts \
  faiss python-magic pandas numpy

# Activate environment
conda activate sscd

# Install Classy Vision and AugLy from PIP:
python -m pip install classy_vision augly

You may need to select a cudatoolkit version that corresponds to the system CUDA library version you have installed. See PyTorch documentation for supported combinations of pytorch, torchvision and cudatoolkit versions.

For a non-CUDA (CPU only) installation, replace cudatoolkit=... with cpuonly.

Option 2: Install dependencies using PIP

# Create environment
python3 -m virtualenv ./venv

# Activate environment
source ./venv/bin/activate

# Install dependencies in this environment
python -m pip install -r ./requirements.txt --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu113

The --extra-index-url option selects a newer version of CUDA libraries, required for NVidia A100 GPUs. This can be omitted if A100 support is not needed.

Inference using SSCD models

This section describes how to use pretrained SSCD models for inference. To perform inference for DISC and Copydays evaluations, see Evaluation.

Preprocessing

We recommend preprocessing images for inference either resizing the small edge to 288 or resizing the image to a square tensor.

Using fixed-sized square tensors is more efficient on GPUs, to make better use of batching. Copy detection using square tensors benefits from directly resizing to the target tensor size. This skews the image, and does not preserve aspect ratio. This differs from the common practice for classification inference.

from torchvision import transforms

normalize = transforms.Normalize(
    mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225],
)
small_288 = transforms.Compose([
    transforms.Resize(288),
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    normalize,
])
skew_320 = transforms.Compose([
    transforms.Resize([320, 320]),
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    normalize,
])

Inference using Torchscript

Torchscript files can be loaded directly in other projects without any SSCD code or dependencies.

import torch
from PIL import Image

model = torch.jit.load("/path/to/sscd_disc_mixup.torchscript.pt")
img = Image.open("/path/to/image.png").convert('RGB')
batch = small_288(img).unsqueeze(0)
embedding = model(batch)[0, :]

These Torchscript models are prepared for inference. For other uses (eg. fine-tuning), use model weight files, as described below.

Load model weight files

To load model weight files, first construct the Model object, then load the weights using the standard torch.load and load_state_dict methods.

import torch
from sscd.models.model import Model

model = Model("CV_RESNET50", 512, 3.0)
weights = torch.load("/path/to/sscd_disc_mixup.classy.pt")
model.load_state_dict(weights)
model.eval()

Once loaded, these models can be used interchangeably with Torchscript models for inference.

Model backbone strings can be found in the Backbone enum in model.py. Classy Vision models start with the prefix CV_ and Torchvision models start with TV_.

Using SSCD descriptors

SSCD models produce 512 dimension (except the "large" model, which uses 1024 dimensions) L2 normalized descriptors for each input image. The similarity of two images with descriptors a and b can be measured by descriptor cosine similarity (a.dot(b); higher is more similar), or equivalently using euclidean distance ((a-b).norm(); lower is more similar).

For the sscd_disc_mixup model, DISC image pairs with embedding cosine similarity greater than 0.75 are copies with 90% precision, for example. This corresponds to a euclidean distance less than 0.7, or squared euclidean distance less than 0.5.

Descriptor post-processing

For best results, we recommend additional descriptor processing when sample images from the target distribution are available. Centering (subtracting the mean) followed by L2 normalization, or whitening followed by L2 normalization, can improve accuracy.

Score normalization can make similarity more consistent and improve global accuracy metrics (but has no effect on ranking metrics).

Other model formats

If pretrained models in another format (eg. ONYX) would be useful for you, let us know by filing a feature request.

Reproducing evaluation results

To reproduce evaluation results, see Evaluation.

Training SSCD models

For information on how to train SSCD models, see Training.

License

The SSCD codebase uses the CC-NC 4.0 International license.

Citation

If you find our codebase useful, please consider giving a star ⭐ and cite as:

@article{pizzi2022self,
  title={A Self-Supervised Descriptor for Image Copy Detection},
  author={Pizzi, Ed and Roy, Sreya Dutta and Ravindra, Sugosh Nagavara and Goyal, Priya and Douze, Matthijs},
  journal={Proc. CVPR},
  year={2022}
}